This is a circular junction where the traffic moves from
different directions to different directions without
causing accidents/collisions.

When driving through a roundabout, you should yield to traffic already in the circle, use your signals to indicate your intention, and choose the correct lane based on your exit.

1.General rules for all roundabouts
Yield to traffic. As you approach, you must give way to traffic coming from your right that is already in the roundabout.
2.Slow down. Approach the roundabout at a slow, controlled speed that allows you to stop if necessary.
3.Travel counter-clockwise. In modern roundabouts, traffic moves in a counter-clockwise direction around a central island.
Stay in your lane.
If it is a multi-lane roundabout, remain in your designated lane. Do not change lanes within the roundabout unless it is safe to do so.
Signal your exit. Before exiting the roundabout, use your left turn signal to let other drivers know you are leaving.

How to use signals for different exits
1.Turning left (First exit)
On approach: Signal left and stay in the left-hand lane.
2.In the roundabout: Remain in the left lane and continue signaling left.
3.Exiting: Keep signaling left as you exit. Once you have cleared the roundabout, cancel your signal.
4.Going straight (Middle exit)
On approach: Do not use your signal. Use the left-hand lane unless road markings indicate otherwise.
5.In the roundabout: When you have passed the exit immediately before your intended exit, activate your left-turn signal.
6.Exiting: Signal left and exit when it is clear. Cancel your signal once you have exited.
7.Turning right (Last exit or U-turn)
On approach: Signal right and get into the right-hand lane.
8.In the roundabout: Continue to signal right. When you have passed the exit immediately before your intended exit, activate your left-turn signal.
9.Exiting: Check your left mirror and blind spot before moving into the left lane to exit. Signal left and exit when clear. Cancel your signal once off the roundabout.

Navigating specific types of roundabouts
1.Mini-roundabouts: These have a painted circle or a very low central island. You must still drive around the island, not over it, and use your signals just as you would for a larger roundabout.
2.Two-lane roundabouts: Pay close attention to road markings. Typically, the right lane is for turning right or going straight, while the left lane is for turning left or going straight, though this can vary. You must yield to traffic in both circulating lanes.
3.Spiral roundabouts: These have specific markings that guide you into the correct lane as you approach and navigate the roundabout.
Common mistakes to avoid
4.Hesitation: Roundabouts rely on a consistent flow of traffic. Excessive hesitation can cause crashes.
5.Forgetting to signal: Proper signaling is crucial for communicating your intentions to other drivers and is a legal requirement in most places.
6.Stopping inside the roundabout: Once you are in the flow of traffic, do not stop. Only stop if a collision is imminent.
7.Cutting off other drivers: Always check your mirrors and blind spots, especially when exiting, to avoid colliding with a car or a cyclist.

This is the technique used by drivers on highways
M - Mirrors
S - Signal
M - Maneuver

msm technique car driving

The MSM technique, which stands for Mirror, Signal, Manoeuvre, is a fundamental and routine safety procedure used by drivers before making any change in speed or direction.
It ensures you are aware of surrounding traffic, communicate your intentions, and act safely.
The routine is broken down into three core steps:

1.M: Mirror
Before you change course, check your interior and exterior mirrors to assess the speed and position of traffic behind and to the side of you.
A.Interior mirror: Use this first to see what is directly behind you.
B.Side mirrors: Check the side mirror on the side you plan to move towards. Remember that these are often convex, making objects appear farther away.
C.Blind spots: Your mirrors cannot show everything. Before you maneuver, turn your head to briefly check your blind spot—the area that cannot be seen in your mirrors.

2.S: Signal
After checking your mirrors and confirming it is safe, signal your intentions to other road users using your indicators.
A.Communicate clearly: Your signal tells other drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians what you intend to do.
B.Time it right: Signal in good time so that others have a chance to react, but not so early that it could confuse them. For example, on a road with several turns, wait until you have passed the previous turn before indicating for your intended one.

3.M: Manoeuvre
Only proceed with the maneuver once you have checked your mirrors and given a signal.
A.Assess and act: Check your mirrors one last time before moving, as the situation can change quickly.
B.Act safely: This is the physical action of turning, changing lanes, overtaking, or pulling over. You should execute it smoothly and confidently only when it is safe to do so.

Variations of the MSM technique
Some driving instructors teach a more detailed version of this routine for handling complex situations, known as MSPSL or MSPSL-LADA.

This expands on the \"Manoeuvre\" step:
P: Position: Place your car in the correct road position for the maneuver.
S: Speed: Adjust your speed by braking and changing gears appropriately.
L: Look: Take a final look around, including blind spots, just before committing to the maneuver.
LADA: The \"Look\" part is sometimes expanded to \"Look, Assess, Decide, Act\".

Ke - Kenya
N - National
H - Highways
A - Authority

The Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA) is a State Corporation established under the Kenya Roads Act,
2007 with the responsibility for Management, Development, Rehabilitation and Maintenance of National Roads.

This is the movement of a vehicle without the driver\'s
knowledge and it mostly occurs when a vehicle is parked
on a slope and the handbrake is not working.

This is driving for a long distance with the clutch pressed
in. (at this time, the vehicle is at neutral gear)

Interim driving licence

In Kenya, an interim driving license (IDL) is issued to new drivers who have passed their driving test and are waiting to receive their official smart driving license.
The process is handled through the eCitizen platform by the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA).

Key details about the interim driving license
1.Purpose: The IDL serves as a temporary, valid document that legally permits a new driver to operate a vehicle on the road for a limited period.
2.Validity: It is typically valid for six months, allowing the new driver enough time to acquire their permanent smart driving license.
3.Application: New drivers who have passed their driving test can apply and pay for the interim license through their eCitizen and NTSA accounts.

How to apply for an interim driving license
1.Log in to eCitizen: Access the eCitizen portal and sign in to your account. If you don\'t have one, you will need to create one.
Navigate to NTSA services: Once logged in, find and select the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA) services.
2.Pay for the IDL: After receiving a notification that you have passed your driving test, pay the required fee for the interim driving license.
3.Download the license: Once the payment is processed, you will be able to download and print your interim driving license from your NTSA account.
4.Obtain the smart license: The interim license allows you to drive legally while you wait for or apply for your permanent smart driving license.

Important considerations
Distinction from PDL: The interim driving license (IDL) should not be confused with the Provisional Driving License (PDL).
The PDL is a license for learners who are still undergoing driving training and are required to be accompanied by a qualified instructor.
Verification:
The validity of an interim driving license can be verified through the NTSA mobile application.

Mechanical Signals
The term \"mechanical signals\" in driving can refer to early, mechanical turn indicators or, more commonly, the standard hand signals drivers use when their vehicle\'s electronic signals are not working. Before the widespread adoption of electronic indicators, drivers relied on physical devices and hand gestures to communicate their intentions.

Early mechanical signals
1.Mechanical signaling arms (trafficators):
In the early 20th century, some vehicles were equipped with mechanical arms that extended from the side of the car to signal a turn. A Canadian actress and inventor, Florence Lawrence, developed an early version of this in 1914, though she never patented it.
2.Mechanical \"STOP\" signs: Lawrence also developed a mechanical \"STOP\" sign that would flip up from the rear bumper when the brake pedal was pressed.
Thermal flasher relays: Before modern electronic controls, the classic clicking sound of a turn signal was the result of a thermal flasher relay. This mechanical device used a bimetallic strip that would heat up, bend, and break the circuit, which caused the signal light to flash. As it cooled, it would return to its original position and reconnect the circuit, repeating the cycle.

Modern mechanical signals (hand signals)
Even with modern electronic signals, drivers are required to know the official hand signals, which are used primarily when a vehicle\'s lights are malfunctioning.
All signals are performed with the driver\'s left arm extended out the window.
1.Left turn: To signal a left turn, extend your left arm straight out to the side, parallel to the ground.
2.Right turn: To signal a right turn, extend your left arm out and bend it upward at a 90° angle, with your hand and forearm pointing toward the sky.
3.Slow or stop: To signal that you are slowing down or coming to a stop, extend your left arm out and point it downward with your palm facing rearward.

Mechanical signals in driving encompass both external signals, such as the lights and indicators on a vehicle, and internal signals, like dashboard warning lights, as well as human-generated signals, primarily hand signals, to communicate with other road users.
Examples include headlights, brake lights, hazard lights, and warning indicators like low tire pressure or ABS issues, alongside the three basic hand signals for left turns, right turns, and stopping or slowing down.

External Mechanical Signals (Lights)
These are the lights and indicators on the exterior of a vehicle that communicate a driver\'s intentions:
1. Headlights: Used for illumination and signaling in low-light conditions.
2. Parking lights: Used when parking a vehicle.
3. Indicators (Turn Signals): Blinking lights, usually at the front and rear of the vehicle, to indicate a turn.
4. Brake lights: Red lights that illuminate when the brakes are applied, showing the driver\'s intention to slow or stop.
5. Reverse light: A white light that comes on when the car is in reverse.
6. Hazard / Double Indicator light: Flashes all indicators simultaneously to warn of a hazard or emergency.
7. Number Plate/Identification light: Illuminates the license plate.

Internal Mechanical Signals (Dashboard Lights)

These are lights on the dashboard that indicate a vehicle\'s mechanical status or potential problems:
1.ABS warning light:
Signals an issue with the Anti-Lock Braking System.
2.Tire pressure warning light:
Indicates low tire pressure.
3.Traction control warning light:
Shows that the car has momentarily lost traction.
4.Brake pad wear indicator light:
Alerts the driver that brake pads need replacement.

Human-Generated Signals (Hand Signals)
These are manual gestures, often used when vehicle lights are not working or not visible, or in situations like driving in a convoy or on a bicycle.
The three most common signals are:
1.Left Turn: Extend your arm straight out the driver\'s side window, parallel to the ground.
2.Right Turn: Bend your arm upward at a 90-degree angle, with your hand pointing to the sky.
3.Stop/Slow Down: Extend your arm downward at the elbow, with your palm facing backward.

D - Driving
L - License

A driving license is issued as an authority to allow a person to drive a motor vehicle of any class on a road.

How much does it cost to get a driving licence in Kenya?

In Kenya, a 1-year driver\'s license renewal costs around Ksh 650, while a 3-year renewal costs approximately Ksh 3.050 for a smart card DL, with an additional minor service or convenience fee applicable. The exact costs can vary slightly and are subject to small additional fees for processing and payment. Payments are typically made via M-Pesa through the eCitizen or Huduma Kenya portal.

Cost Breakdown:

1-Year Renewal: Roughly Ksh 650
3-Year Renewal: Around Ksh 3,050

How to Renew:

1. Access the Portal: Visit the Huduma Kenya or eCitizen online platforms.
2. Log In: Use your ID number to access your account.
3. Select Service: Navigate to the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA) services.
4. Apply: Choose your desired renewal period and apply.
5. Pay: Complete the payment using M-Pesa or other available options.
Other Information:
6. Smart License: If applying for the new Smart Driving Licence (Smart DL), the cost is higher, at approximately Ksh 3,050 for both new and renewal applications.

How to apply for a driving license in Kenya?

The Procedure of Acquiring a Valid Driving License in Kenya ...
1. Enroll at a reputable driving school. ...
2. Pay the required fee. ...
3. Apply for PDL. ...
4. Undergo thorough training. ...
5. Book driving test. ...
6. Undergo and pass driving test. ...
7. Pay for Interim Driving License. ...
8. Pay for Virtual/Smart Driving License.

How do I check my NTSA license?

1. To check your NTSA license in Kenya, log in to your eCitizen account or the NTSA Service Portal and select the service to view your driver\\\'s or vehicle\\\'s records.
2. You can also download the free NTSA Mobile App to verify licenses. For other services, including license application and renewal, visit the NTSA website or use the eCitizen portal.

Using the eCitizen/NTSA Service Portal

1.Create or Log in to your account: Visit the eCitizen portal or the NTSA Service Portal and sign in to your account.
2. Select the service: Choose the option for Individual Services or Vehicles, depending on whether you\\\'re checking a driver\\\'s license or a vehicle-related document.
3. View records: Within your account, you can access your driver\\\'s records or vehicle registration details.

Using the NTSA Mobile App

1. Download the app: Find and install the free NTSA Mobile App from the Google Play Store.
2. Verify license: Use the app to verify your NTSA licenses.
Other Services

License Application/Renewal:

1. Apply for or renew your license, book driving tests, or get a new logbook through the eCitizen or NTSA Service Portal.
2. Physical Locations: For other assistance, you can visit a Huduma Centre.
Contact NTSA: If you have further questions, you can contact NTSA directly.

What is class B driving licence in Kenya?

In Kenya, a Class B driving licence allows you to operate private motor vehicles not exceeding 3.5 tonnes in weight, which includes most private cars, sedans, pickups, and other light vehicles.
These licenses can be further specified for either manual or automatic transmission vehicles and are essential for general private use rather than commercial transportation of goods or large numbers of passengers.

What a Class B license covers:

Private vehicles: The license is for private use, not for commercial purposes like large-scale goods transport or public service vehicles (PSVs).
Weight limit: It covers vehicles with a gross vehicle weight of up to 3.5 tonnes.
Vehicle types: This category includes most common passenger vehicles, such as saloons, pickups, and other light motor vehicles.
Manual vs. Automatic: There are often sub-classifications, such as B2 for manual vehicles and B1 for automatic vehicles, allowing you to specify the transmission type you are qualified to drive.
Why you might need a Class B license:
Personal transportation: It\'s the fundamental license for driving your own private car for daily commuting and personal travel.
Foundation for other licenses: For many individuals, starting with a Class B license helps build the foundational driving skills necessary for handling larger or more complex vehicles.

Which vehicle is class C?

Large passenger vans, small HAZMAT trucks, and small trucks towing a trailer are all examples of class C vehicles. Vehicles that are not class C include tractor trailers, semi-trucks, buses, box trucks, and dump trucks.

What is the meaning of B1 and B2 in a driving license?

Class B1

Vehicle Type: Light vehicle (private passenger car).
Transmission: Primarily for automatic transmission vehicles.
Weight Limit: Up to 3500kg Gross Vehicle Weight.
Passengers: Can carry a maximum of 7 passengers.

Class B2
Vehicle Type: Light vehicle (private passenger car).
Transmission: Primarily for manual transmission vehicles.
Weight Limit: Up to 3500kg Gross Vehicle Weight.
Passengers: Can carry a maximum of 7 passengers.

Key Differences

The primary distinction between B1 and B2 lies in the type of gearbox the vehicle is equipped with. A B1 license is for automatic cars, and a B2 license is for manual cars, with both falling under the general Class B for private small vehicles.

In the United States (for commercial driving):

What it is: A Class B license for a Commercial Driver\'s License (CDL) allows you to operate a single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, and any smaller vehicles towed behind it.
Examples: This license covers heavy vehicles such as straight trucks, dump trucks, cement mixers, and larger buses.
Not included: It does not allow for driving a semi-trailer or any vehicle combination that has a trailer with a GVWR over 10,000 pounds, as that would require a Class A CDL.

P - Provisional
D - Driving
L - License

A provisional driving license (PDL) allows an applicant to learn to drive under instruction, permitting them to practice on public roads while supervised by a qualified driver.

In Kenya, a Provisional Driving License (PDL) allows you to learn how to drive while accompanied by a licensed driver. The application is done online through the eCitizen portal, and you must be enrolled in a licensed driving school.

Requirements to apply for a PDL
1. Age: Be at least 18 years of age.
2. Driving school: You must be enrolled in a driving school that is licensed by the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA).
Medical fitness: You will need to declare your medical fitness during the application.
3. Identification: A copy of your National ID is required for the application.

How to apply for a Provisional Driving License

1. Create an eCitizen account. Visit the eCitizen portal at www.ecitizen.go.ke. If you do not have an account, create one using your National ID number.
2. Access NTSA services. Log in to your eCitizen account and navigate to the NTSA dashboard.
3. Select PDL application. On the NTSA services menu, select \"Provisional Driving License (PDL)\".
4. Fill out the application form. Provide all the required personal details, including your full name, date of birth, contact information, and blood group.
5. Provide driving school details. Select your driving school from the dropdown menu provided on the form.
6. Upload documents. Upload scanned copies of any required documents, such as your National ID and a passport-sized photo, if prompted.
7. Make payment. Pay the application fee of Ksh 650. Payments can be made via mobile money (M-Pesa), credit/debit card, or bank transfer.
8. Submit and download. Review your application for accuracy before submitting. Once approved, you can download and print your Provisional Driving License from your eCitizen account.

What to know about the PDL
Validity: The license is valid for three months and can be renewed for further three-month periods for an additional fee.
Accompaniment: You are only allowed to drive on the road if accompanied by a qualified driving instructor who holds a valid driving license for the same class of vehicle.
Classes: The license is endorsed for the specific class or classes of vehicles you are permitted to learn to drive.

The National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA) is Kenya\'s premier agency responsible for transport safety regulation and enforcement, dedicated to creating safer roads for all Kenyans.

N - National
T - Transport &
S - Safety
A - Authority

M - Model
T - Town
B - Board
A simple representation of all road networks in East Africa
(Kenya) on a board

This is an act of handling a motor vehicle on the road
without causing accidents or collisions.

This is a person who has undergone training on how to
handle a motor vehicle on the road without causing
accidents or collisions. He/she must have a valid driving
license.